Abstract
Translation
Recordings
Dragon Gawking
Of Dragonkind
Closing
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Abstract
The Geats come down to where Beowulf died, but are distracted by a more wondrous sight.
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Translation
They found him on the sand where his soul left his body
emptily guarding his couch, he who had given rings
in days past; that was the final day
of that good man's journey, indeed that great-king,
lord of the Weders, died a wondrous death.
Yet before that they saw a stranger creature,
opposite him there on the strand was the serpent, there
the loathed one lay: it was the dweller of the drake's
den,the sombrely splattered horror, glowing like an
ember for its flames. It was full fifty feet long,
laying there; just days ago it knew
the joy of night-flight, keeping a searching eye out for
its den down below; it was held there in death,
never again would it know its earth den.
(Beowulf ll.3033-3046)
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Recordings
Old English:
{Forthcoming}
Modern English:
{Forthcoming}
Back To Top
Dragon Gawking
The first thing to ask after reading this passage is: Why does the dragon get so much attention?
It's the "loathed" enemy ("laa[th]ne" l.3040), and Beowulf overcame it. So why spend nine lines going into detail about it?
There are a few possibilities here. The Anglo-Saxon audiences of the poem before it was written down probably had a good sense of a creature's strength. More than likely, simply by hearing about him, her, or it, even. The prevalance and power of boasting among them definitely attests to such an idea. But any culture that can so readily size up opponents needs some sort of metric to go by. So, maybe, all of this extra detail about the dragon is provided to show how Beowulf is at least equal to the dragon, since they mutually slew one another.
Or, maybe the point of having such detail isn't to compare it to Beowulf in terms of strength at all. Instead, maybe it's more about their common strangeness. For, whatever a man's boasts were in those days, few would have crossed paths with monsters as varied and powerful as those that Bwowulf scuffled with. In that sense, then, maybe this passage is suggesting that Beowulf himself should be viewed as a kind of monster. Or, at the very least, a wonder.
Maybe this is why Beowulf was bound together with a life of Saint Christopher, Wonders of the East, and a Letter of Alexander to Aristotle. Rather than being about a normal person going around the world and finding oddities, Beowulf offered audiences a glimpse into the perspective of a creature as rare and wonderful as dog-headed men, or a land over which thick darkness has settled.
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Of Dragonkind
Matters of the dragon and Beowulf sharing the page in this excerpt aside, there's the question of what kind of dragon it is. Given its description here, it sounds more like an Oriental dragon than an Occidental one. It must be rather thin (its fire burning through its skin can be seen long after it's dead), it can fly but no real mention of wings is made in the poem, and, at least so far as I'm imagining it, it seems like it's coiled up in death.
Why should the kind of dragon that Beowulf and Wiglaf defeated matter?
Well, one of the biggest influences on Beowulf (particularly its being written down) was Christianity. Of course, Christianity isn't without its depictions of dragons. These, though, especially up to the early Medieval period, are generally of a serpentine beast that's supposed to be the devil incarnate. Maybe there's a bit of that here too, but it seems more likely that having a unique dragon is just another reason that the book was bound with fantastic tales from around the known world.
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Closing
Next week, the poem moves from treasure-hoarder to treasure itself. Don't miss it!
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Thursday, February 28, 2013
Sunday, February 24, 2013
Scavenging Field and Page Alike (ll.3021b-3032) [Old English]
Abstract
Translation
Recordings
A Beastly Finish
A Curious Death March
Closing
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Abstract
The messenger's premonition ends with the beasts of battle, and the troop of Geats heads to where Beowulf and the dragon lay.
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Translation
"'The future will see hands habituated to hoisting
morning-cold spears,heaved by hand, not at all shall
the harp's sweep stir warriors, but wan on the wing
the raven flying over the doomed will speak,
tell the eagle how he vomited and ate,
when he and the wolf reaved the dead.'
Such was the sentence of that speaker's
dire speech; he did not deceive in
what he told and read of fate. The troop all arose,
went without joy beneath Eagle Cliff,
faces tear-torn, the terrible scene to see."
(Beowulf ll.3021b-3032)
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Recordings
Old English:
{Forthcoming}
Modern English:
{Forthcoming}
Back To Top
A Beastly Finish
The messenger at last finishes his speech to those Geats gathered to hear word of their dear leader. And, as if he hadn't been clear enough, he closes with mention of the emblematic beasts of battle.
These animals were closely associated with war in Anglo-Saxon culture because of their established presence on the battlefield. These are, after all, the animals that would swoop or scrounge in and savour the leavings of a battle. Except, perhaps, for the eagle. I mean, it seems more likely that the eagle would fly over a battle field in the hopes of finding a small rodent that's a bit too curious.
Closing with these animals, which were neutral in and of themselves (they merely represented the destruction of war and nature's way of restoring things to their former states), makes clear the slaughter that the Geats are in for. They can march away, forever in exile, but even then their lives will be ones of constant vigilance. For human armies can tire of such a chase, whereas nature never can, and the beasts are a symbol of that relentless power.
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A Curious Death March
Up until this point, those to whom the messenger is speaking were some small distance from the cliffs where the battle took pace, and their march towards the awful spectacle can be nothing more than a heavy-footed trek. They already know what they will see, and it will not prove to be overwhelmingly positive.
Yet, this points towards something interesting. The Geats already know what happened, and still a troop of them go to see what are the ruins of their leader and their foe.
Perhaps the Anglo-Saxons had some belief around funerals that friends and family needed to see the corpse before it was buried or burned. Why would such a belief exist?
To allow people to confirm things, maybe. Or perhaps to offer people one final chance to see the deceased's face. Or, still possible, the Geats go to see Beowulf because they believe a part of their soul is bestowed upon him, maybe making the afterlife an easier place for him to navigate.
Whatever the reason, next week they find Beowulf and the dragon. One is regarded with sorrow and the other with wonder - check out the next entry to find out which is which!
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Closing
This coming week, watch for the next entry on Thursday. I'll be done with the big draw on my freetime - editing an episode of the Doctor Who podcast TelosAM - by then. As a result, getting back to this blog's regular schedule will not be an issue.
Back To Top
Translation
Recordings
A Beastly Finish
A Curious Death March
Closing
Back To Top
Abstract
The messenger's premonition ends with the beasts of battle, and the troop of Geats heads to where Beowulf and the dragon lay.
Back To Top
Translation
"'The future will see hands habituated to hoisting
morning-cold spears,heaved by hand, not at all shall
the harp's sweep stir warriors, but wan on the wing
the raven flying over the doomed will speak,
tell the eagle how he vomited and ate,
when he and the wolf reaved the dead.'
Such was the sentence of that speaker's
dire speech; he did not deceive in
what he told and read of fate. The troop all arose,
went without joy beneath Eagle Cliff,
faces tear-torn, the terrible scene to see."
(Beowulf ll.3021b-3032)
Back To Top
Recordings
Old English:
{Forthcoming}
Modern English:
{Forthcoming}
Back To Top
A Beastly Finish
The messenger at last finishes his speech to those Geats gathered to hear word of their dear leader. And, as if he hadn't been clear enough, he closes with mention of the emblematic beasts of battle.
These animals were closely associated with war in Anglo-Saxon culture because of their established presence on the battlefield. These are, after all, the animals that would swoop or scrounge in and savour the leavings of a battle. Except, perhaps, for the eagle. I mean, it seems more likely that the eagle would fly over a battle field in the hopes of finding a small rodent that's a bit too curious.
Closing with these animals, which were neutral in and of themselves (they merely represented the destruction of war and nature's way of restoring things to their former states), makes clear the slaughter that the Geats are in for. They can march away, forever in exile, but even then their lives will be ones of constant vigilance. For human armies can tire of such a chase, whereas nature never can, and the beasts are a symbol of that relentless power.
Back To Top
A Curious Death March
Up until this point, those to whom the messenger is speaking were some small distance from the cliffs where the battle took pace, and their march towards the awful spectacle can be nothing more than a heavy-footed trek. They already know what they will see, and it will not prove to be overwhelmingly positive.
Yet, this points towards something interesting. The Geats already know what happened, and still a troop of them go to see what are the ruins of their leader and their foe.
Perhaps the Anglo-Saxons had some belief around funerals that friends and family needed to see the corpse before it was buried or burned. Why would such a belief exist?
To allow people to confirm things, maybe. Or perhaps to offer people one final chance to see the deceased's face. Or, still possible, the Geats go to see Beowulf because they believe a part of their soul is bestowed upon him, maybe making the afterlife an easier place for him to navigate.
Whatever the reason, next week they find Beowulf and the dragon. One is regarded with sorrow and the other with wonder - check out the next entry to find out which is which!
Back To Top
Closing
This coming week, watch for the next entry on Thursday. I'll be done with the big draw on my freetime - editing an episode of the Doctor Who podcast TelosAM - by then. As a result, getting back to this blog's regular schedule will not be an issue.
Back To Top
Thursday, February 14, 2013
A Hot Forecast (ll.3010b-3021a) [Old English]
Abstract
Translation
Recordings
Anglo-Saxon Treasure Abuse
Walking without Memory
Closing
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Abstract
The messenger makes his predictions regarding the fate of the Geats, and, more importantly, the fate of the treasure hoard.
Back To Top
Translation
"'None shall match
What will melt amidst his glory, for there shall be the
treasure's hoarded gold untold, bought at so grim a cost;
and now at his departure those rings bought
with his own life: they shall the fire consume,
all swallowed in the searing heat, no man shall
wear that treasure to remember, nor may
any woman wear those costly rings as shining adornment,
but they shall be sad-hearted, bereaved of gold,
for oft, not once alone, shall they tread foreign lands,
the leader's laughter now having been silenced,
sport and mirth ceased.'"
(Beowulf ll.3010b-3021a)
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Recordings
Because of previous translating I'd done well before this blog and for various classes, just over 100 lines remain to work through. So, though it will create a substantial backlog, I'm not going to be posting recordings until my translation is finished. I'm also holding recordings back since I'm still working out posting all of them on YouTube.
Back To Top
Anglo-Saxon Treasure Abuse
Like all medieval prophecy and prognostication, this passage is dripping with sweet sweet meaning juice. In particular, there are two key things to focus on.
Melting down treasure seems to be antithetical to the way that most Anglo-Saxons think. Yet, here it's announced that the hoard will be heaped upon Beowulf's funeral pyre. The why might glare from the page at first, but, after this passage is read in full, the reasons are quite clear.
As an elegy, Beowulf simply can't end on too bright a note. Since this is the poem's ending, it's also important for the story to come to a definitive close.
Unfortunately, at least so far as we know, there was no sequel planned to tie up loose ends, and so that job fell to this poem itself. Having found so much treasure, how could it end any differently? Melting the treasure definitely seals up the story, since there is no treasure to transfer its unspoken curse from owner to owner.
After all, the mention of Fafnir, and the dragon Beowulf beats having a treasure hoard bring to mind the story of Ótr's gold and its curse. Or, for a more modern analogue, "mo money, mo problems." Cutting out that gold makes the Geats a much less appealing target.
Keeping the gold from being worn will also help the Geats move into the underground. Among the women, it would draw too much attention and make others think that they were available or willing to enter into marriages - which, though it could help the Geats in the long run.
Likewise, the men not wearing any of the treasure as a trophy or remembrance, effectively uproots the Geats, since early medieval peoples built themselves on the tradition and lore that came before them. To be stripped of their memories is tantamount to stripping them of their identity as a people.
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Walking without Memory
On the other hand, losing communal memory (even of just their leader killing a dragon only to later die from his wounds) suits a life of communal exile. For exile cuts off the physical trappings of a western medieval society, whereas denying memory cuts off the psychological and emotional trappings of that society.
So pairing exile with the denial of memory is as damning as possible. Simply being told that you were exiled is shameful in itself, but knowing that you had nothing to go back to twists that knife.
Which makes me think that at least some audience of Beowulf (after it had been written down) was thinking along these lines. Hell, it makes me think that even the early audiences of Beowulf, those who heard a version close to what we have, would have sympathized with the Geats' losing land and memory.
After all, without a place you have no roots, and without memories of great deeds celebrated by the group you have no enduring communal spirit. With neither any great people becomes no more than the grass trod by wolves, the twigs used by crows, or the mice devoured by eagles.
Back To Top
Closing
Next week, the messenger brings out the beasts of battle!
Back To Top
Translation
Recordings
Anglo-Saxon Treasure Abuse
Walking without Memory
Closing
Back To Top
Abstract
The messenger makes his predictions regarding the fate of the Geats, and, more importantly, the fate of the treasure hoard.
Back To Top
Translation
"'None shall match
What will melt amidst his glory, for there shall be the
treasure's hoarded gold untold, bought at so grim a cost;
and now at his departure those rings bought
with his own life: they shall the fire consume,
all swallowed in the searing heat, no man shall
wear that treasure to remember, nor may
any woman wear those costly rings as shining adornment,
but they shall be sad-hearted, bereaved of gold,
for oft, not once alone, shall they tread foreign lands,
the leader's laughter now having been silenced,
sport and mirth ceased.'"
(Beowulf ll.3010b-3021a)
Back To Top
Recordings
Because of previous translating I'd done well before this blog and for various classes, just over 100 lines remain to work through. So, though it will create a substantial backlog, I'm not going to be posting recordings until my translation is finished. I'm also holding recordings back since I'm still working out posting all of them on YouTube.
Back To Top
Anglo-Saxon Treasure Abuse
Like all medieval prophecy and prognostication, this passage is dripping with sweet sweet meaning juice. In particular, there are two key things to focus on.
Melting down treasure seems to be antithetical to the way that most Anglo-Saxons think. Yet, here it's announced that the hoard will be heaped upon Beowulf's funeral pyre. The why might glare from the page at first, but, after this passage is read in full, the reasons are quite clear.
As an elegy, Beowulf simply can't end on too bright a note. Since this is the poem's ending, it's also important for the story to come to a definitive close.
Unfortunately, at least so far as we know, there was no sequel planned to tie up loose ends, and so that job fell to this poem itself. Having found so much treasure, how could it end any differently? Melting the treasure definitely seals up the story, since there is no treasure to transfer its unspoken curse from owner to owner.
After all, the mention of Fafnir, and the dragon Beowulf beats having a treasure hoard bring to mind the story of Ótr's gold and its curse. Or, for a more modern analogue, "mo money, mo problems." Cutting out that gold makes the Geats a much less appealing target.
Keeping the gold from being worn will also help the Geats move into the underground. Among the women, it would draw too much attention and make others think that they were available or willing to enter into marriages - which, though it could help the Geats in the long run.
Likewise, the men not wearing any of the treasure as a trophy or remembrance, effectively uproots the Geats, since early medieval peoples built themselves on the tradition and lore that came before them. To be stripped of their memories is tantamount to stripping them of their identity as a people.
Back To Top
Walking without Memory
On the other hand, losing communal memory (even of just their leader killing a dragon only to later die from his wounds) suits a life of communal exile. For exile cuts off the physical trappings of a western medieval society, whereas denying memory cuts off the psychological and emotional trappings of that society.
So pairing exile with the denial of memory is as damning as possible. Simply being told that you were exiled is shameful in itself, but knowing that you had nothing to go back to twists that knife.
Which makes me think that at least some audience of Beowulf (after it had been written down) was thinking along these lines. Hell, it makes me think that even the early audiences of Beowulf, those who heard a version close to what we have, would have sympathized with the Geats' losing land and memory.
After all, without a place you have no roots, and without memories of great deeds celebrated by the group you have no enduring communal spirit. With neither any great people becomes no more than the grass trod by wolves, the twigs used by crows, or the mice devoured by eagles.
Back To Top
Closing
Next week, the messenger brings out the beasts of battle!
Back To Top
Thursday, February 7, 2013
Hastily Towards the Pyre (ll.2999-3010a) [Old English]
Abstract
Translation
Recordings
A Snappy Eulogy, Eager Flames
Burning the Body
Closing
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Abstract
The messenger wraps up his story, and relates how they must now hasten to bring Beowulf's body to the funeral pyre.
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Translation
"'That is the root of our feud and foeship,
this very deadly hostility, which, as I truly believe,
means that we shall be sought by the Swedes,
after they hear of how our lord is now lifeless,
the one who in earlier days defended
our people and treasures against our enemies,
after our warriors fell, a prelude to the Scylfings,
worked ever for the people's benefit and went further
than any other to be like a true lord. Now haste is best,
that we our king see to there
and bring there, he who gave us rings,
to the funeral pyre.'"
(Beowulf ll.2999-3010a)
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Recordings
Old English:
{Forthcoming}
Modern English:
{Forthcoming}
Back To Top
A Snappy Eulogy, Eager Flames
Speaking quickly is one thing, going several lines without a full stop is another. Once again, the poet is making the poem's language reflect its content, as the long first sentence of this passage is an encapsulation of Beowulf's deeds. In fact, it may even be a sort of eulogy for him before the funerary party departs for the pyre at Whale's Ness.
But why cut it so short?
And what happened to Beowulf's adventures with the Danes?
It seems his glory as a king and a ring-giver has overshadowed his youthful deeds, no doubt a good thing since it would also mean the departing from memory of Beowulf's needing to go to the Danes to prove himself in the first place.
As to the length of this eulogy, and the messenger's haste to get Beowulf to the pyre, both suggest an extreme need for closure.
Perhaps the Geats have some sort of scrying tradition, wherein they gaze into the pyre of a dead king and see his successor if he is without a son? Though that seems unlikely, since no one is speaking of bringing in a new king, they're all merely resolute in their fates.
In terms of closure more generally, if the Geats foresee their doom, then it is entirely possible that they're eager to complete one last communal ritual as they work to fulfil Beowulf's final wish. And, the poet(s)'s no doubt eager for a clean close to a poem that has become as much about the Geats as its titular hero.
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Burning the Body
Though, it's also possible that the messenger's desire for haste points to something more macabre and more practical all at the same time. Maybe the Geats want to simply get rid of BEowulf's body.
Why? Well, to keep the Swedes from plundering it, taking some part of it as a trophy, and maybe with the hope that, having been scorched into nothingness, they can build up a grand story about Beowulf's ascent into the afterlife or some sort of immortality.
Perhaps there's some belief that the spirit of an old chieftan can act as a guardian force. This protective possibility can't be entirely ruled out, since the messenger emphasizes over and over again just how resolute Beowulf was in protecting his people.
However, not being an expert in Anglo-Saxon funerals and rites, I can't say for sure what could be underlying the messenger's urging haste. And if any rites apply to this situation, Anglo-Saxon ones are definitely relevant, since the poem's language *is* Old English rather than a form of Old Icelandic or German.
In fact, Beowulf's primary audience (based on its language, anyway) is Anglo-Saxons. Thus, the matter of rushing to give a funeral for a fallen king must have been something that the Anglo-Saxons related to, and would have reason to do.
Back To Top
Closing
The Recordings will return! But for sure, next week sees the messenger describing Beowulf's funeral, the fate of the gold, and a bit of the fate of the Geats themselves.
Back To Top
Translation
Recordings
A Snappy Eulogy, Eager Flames
Burning the Body
Closing
Back To Top
Abstract
The messenger wraps up his story, and relates how they must now hasten to bring Beowulf's body to the funeral pyre.
Back To Top
Translation
"'That is the root of our feud and foeship,
this very deadly hostility, which, as I truly believe,
means that we shall be sought by the Swedes,
after they hear of how our lord is now lifeless,
the one who in earlier days defended
our people and treasures against our enemies,
after our warriors fell, a prelude to the Scylfings,
worked ever for the people's benefit and went further
than any other to be like a true lord. Now haste is best,
that we our king see to there
and bring there, he who gave us rings,
to the funeral pyre.'"
(Beowulf ll.2999-3010a)
Back To Top
Recordings
Old English:
{Forthcoming}
Modern English:
{Forthcoming}
Back To Top
A Snappy Eulogy, Eager Flames
Speaking quickly is one thing, going several lines without a full stop is another. Once again, the poet is making the poem's language reflect its content, as the long first sentence of this passage is an encapsulation of Beowulf's deeds. In fact, it may even be a sort of eulogy for him before the funerary party departs for the pyre at Whale's Ness.
But why cut it so short?
And what happened to Beowulf's adventures with the Danes?
It seems his glory as a king and a ring-giver has overshadowed his youthful deeds, no doubt a good thing since it would also mean the departing from memory of Beowulf's needing to go to the Danes to prove himself in the first place.
As to the length of this eulogy, and the messenger's haste to get Beowulf to the pyre, both suggest an extreme need for closure.
Perhaps the Geats have some sort of scrying tradition, wherein they gaze into the pyre of a dead king and see his successor if he is without a son? Though that seems unlikely, since no one is speaking of bringing in a new king, they're all merely resolute in their fates.
In terms of closure more generally, if the Geats foresee their doom, then it is entirely possible that they're eager to complete one last communal ritual as they work to fulfil Beowulf's final wish. And, the poet(s)'s no doubt eager for a clean close to a poem that has become as much about the Geats as its titular hero.
Back To Top
Burning the Body
Though, it's also possible that the messenger's desire for haste points to something more macabre and more practical all at the same time. Maybe the Geats want to simply get rid of BEowulf's body.
Why? Well, to keep the Swedes from plundering it, taking some part of it as a trophy, and maybe with the hope that, having been scorched into nothingness, they can build up a grand story about Beowulf's ascent into the afterlife or some sort of immortality.
Perhaps there's some belief that the spirit of an old chieftan can act as a guardian force. This protective possibility can't be entirely ruled out, since the messenger emphasizes over and over again just how resolute Beowulf was in protecting his people.
However, not being an expert in Anglo-Saxon funerals and rites, I can't say for sure what could be underlying the messenger's urging haste. And if any rites apply to this situation, Anglo-Saxon ones are definitely relevant, since the poem's language *is* Old English rather than a form of Old Icelandic or German.
In fact, Beowulf's primary audience (based on its language, anyway) is Anglo-Saxons. Thus, the matter of rushing to give a funeral for a fallen king must have been something that the Anglo-Saxons related to, and would have reason to do.
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Closing
The Recordings will return! But for sure, next week sees the messenger describing Beowulf's funeral, the fate of the gold, and a bit of the fate of the Geats themselves.
Back To Top
Thursday, January 31, 2013
Leadership and Laughs (ll.2982-2998) [Old English]
Abstract
Translation
Recordings
Of Reflections and Leaders
A Shot of Comedy
Closing
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Abstract
The Geats survey their victory in the aftermath of battle, and Hygelac grants Eofor and Wulf various gifts
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Translation
"'Then were there many, those who bandaged Wulf,
swiftly raised him up, since it had been cleared,
since they ruled that bloodied field.
At the same time winning warriors stripped those who lost,
from Ongeontheow went his iron mail,
his hard sword hilt and his helmet also;
these old ornaments were brought to Hygelac.
He accepted these treasures and himself fairly stated
among the people that reward would be had, and so he did;
he paid them for their battle-rush, the Geat lord,
Hrethel's son, when they arrived home,
Eofor and Wulf were overloaded with gifts;
he gave them lands and linked rings
of great value in gold - no man on earth
need reproach him for that reward - after they
forged their glorious deed;
and to Eofor he also gave his only daughter,
a tender home-shaper, his loyalty to lock.'"
(Beowulf ll.2982-2998)
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Recordings
I've fallen behind in my recordings, partially because my day job's been hectic lately. However, I still plan to record and post readings of what I've translated, though I may wait until I've reached the end of the poem before getting back to recording. Why not bookmark this blog so you can easily keep an eye on this recording situation?
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Of Reflections and Leaders
At last, the story of the Geats' incursion into Sweden ends - but not on a long-term happy note.
Sure, the Geats are saved, the Swedes are defeated, and treasure is shared, but the future still holds the bleak prospect of the Swedes sweeping in, now that the Geats of the present are leaderless.
Actually, the past few entries have been full of speculation about just what the messenger is trying to do with this story, and one thing that's gone un-noted so far is how the story sets up a situation in opposition to the one currently facing the Geats.
Hygelac's appearance renews their spirits when they're pinned in the Ravenswood. Hygelac replaces the leader of the first group of Geats. And Hygelac gives the Geats a single figure to focus their loyalty on.
Of course, the Geats in the present of the poem have no such focal point. Their leader is dead and gone. Which means that they are like those Geats trapped in the Ravenswood, their fate is already sealed.
But then, a question comes up: why not elect a new leader? Nobility is still an issue to choosing new leaders in early medieval Europe, but Wiglaf is no slouch. Unless all of the military know-how has gone along with Beowulf, Wiglaf's inexperience could be remedied with wise counsel. In fact, it seems that a much worse choice could be made for the new head of the Geats.
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A Shot of Comedy
Along with this wrap up, we're also treated to a quick summary of the various gifts that Hygelac bestows upon Eofor and Wulf. We're not given a great amount of information about them, but the giving is punctuated with a strange sentence: "no man on earth
need reproach him [Hygelac] for that reward" ("ne ðorfte him ða lean oðwitan
mon on middangearde," ll.2995-6).
After such a heavy tale, and given the Anglo-Saxon propensity for comedic irony, it's clear that this is a prime example of their sense of humour at work.
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Closing
Next week, check back here for the rest of the messenger's message!
Back To Top
Translation
Recordings
Of Reflections and Leaders
A Shot of Comedy
Closing
Back To Top
Abstract
The Geats survey their victory in the aftermath of battle, and Hygelac grants Eofor and Wulf various gifts
Back To Top
Translation
"'Then were there many, those who bandaged Wulf,
swiftly raised him up, since it had been cleared,
since they ruled that bloodied field.
At the same time winning warriors stripped those who lost,
from Ongeontheow went his iron mail,
his hard sword hilt and his helmet also;
these old ornaments were brought to Hygelac.
He accepted these treasures and himself fairly stated
among the people that reward would be had, and so he did;
he paid them for their battle-rush, the Geat lord,
Hrethel's son, when they arrived home,
Eofor and Wulf were overloaded with gifts;
he gave them lands and linked rings
of great value in gold - no man on earth
need reproach him for that reward - after they
forged their glorious deed;
and to Eofor he also gave his only daughter,
a tender home-shaper, his loyalty to lock.'"
(Beowulf ll.2982-2998)
Back To Top
Recordings
I've fallen behind in my recordings, partially because my day job's been hectic lately. However, I still plan to record and post readings of what I've translated, though I may wait until I've reached the end of the poem before getting back to recording. Why not bookmark this blog so you can easily keep an eye on this recording situation?
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Of Reflections and Leaders
At last, the story of the Geats' incursion into Sweden ends - but not on a long-term happy note.
Sure, the Geats are saved, the Swedes are defeated, and treasure is shared, but the future still holds the bleak prospect of the Swedes sweeping in, now that the Geats of the present are leaderless.
Actually, the past few entries have been full of speculation about just what the messenger is trying to do with this story, and one thing that's gone un-noted so far is how the story sets up a situation in opposition to the one currently facing the Geats.
Hygelac's appearance renews their spirits when they're pinned in the Ravenswood. Hygelac replaces the leader of the first group of Geats. And Hygelac gives the Geats a single figure to focus their loyalty on.
Of course, the Geats in the present of the poem have no such focal point. Their leader is dead and gone. Which means that they are like those Geats trapped in the Ravenswood, their fate is already sealed.
But then, a question comes up: why not elect a new leader? Nobility is still an issue to choosing new leaders in early medieval Europe, but Wiglaf is no slouch. Unless all of the military know-how has gone along with Beowulf, Wiglaf's inexperience could be remedied with wise counsel. In fact, it seems that a much worse choice could be made for the new head of the Geats.
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A Shot of Comedy
Along with this wrap up, we're also treated to a quick summary of the various gifts that Hygelac bestows upon Eofor and Wulf. We're not given a great amount of information about them, but the giving is punctuated with a strange sentence: "no man on earth
need reproach him [Hygelac] for that reward" ("ne ðorfte him ða lean oðwitan
mon on middangearde," ll.2995-6).
After such a heavy tale, and given the Anglo-Saxon propensity for comedic irony, it's clear that this is a prime example of their sense of humour at work.
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Closing
Next week, check back here for the rest of the messenger's message!
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Thursday, January 24, 2013
Beating out Land Limits (ll.2971-2981) [Old English]
Abstract
Translation
Recordings
A Mess of Actors
Land Buried Beneath Words
Closing
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Abstract
Wulf is laid low by Ongeontheow, who in turn is slain by Eofor.
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Translation
"'Yet the bold son of Wonred could not
against that aged man land a blow,
instead he afterward sheared the helm from his head,
so that Wulf should bow his bloodied head,
he fell to the ground; yet fate called not yet to him,
and he recovered himself, though he fully felt his wound.
The hardy thane of Hygelac then hoisted
his broad blade, as his brother lay there,
an antique edge of giant design, his stroke caught the giant's helm,
through Ongeontheow's shield wall; then bowed that king,
the people's protector, he was struck through to his soul.'"
(Beowulf ll.2971-2981)
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Recordings
I have a new (untested) microphone, so I will be able to record this week's translation and that from the last two weeks this weekend. Watch for these entries for widgets!
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A Mess of Actors
Okay, so we start to get into the conclusion of the messenger's tale of Ongeontheow and the Geats raid on the Swede's land. On the surface, this excerpt is straightforward, for the most part.
As has been the case before, the original Old English for this section uses no proper nouns - they're all just pronouns. It seems that this must have been the poet's solution to making action scenes vibrant without breaking patterns in things like sentence length.
After all, using nothing but pronouns and pronominal phrases to refer to the characters involved in the two fights in this passage is a way to show through language the chaos of such a scene. It's told with only three major players, but the lack of concrete names suggests a lack of concrete order, or any order whatsoever.
Blows are exchanged, but just whose doing what isn't necessarily 100% clear based on pronouns alone.
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Land Buried Beneath Words
However, digging deeper than the surface of this excerpt, and even the surface of words, the verb "Let," (l.2977) means many things. It can mean "to lift," "to lead," or "to make or beat the bounds of land."
Given that this word appears in a story about a raid, it may be the perfect context for "Let" to take on various meanings.
The simple interpretation of "Let," as "hoisted," or "raised," works but it still leaves us with something to wonder about. The messenger stated earlier that this raid on the Swedes was merely for treasure and plunder, but in a sense isn't raiding a place tantamount to an accelerated habitation?
All that gold dug out of the ground, all that coin exchanged, all of those crops eaten - and all at once rather than over the course of years and years. So, in a way, though the Geats set out with only treasure in mind, they definitely picked up more when Eofor slew Ongeontheow (announced with the use of "Let").
It should be fair to say that there's little better to do to create the limits of your land in one sense or other than to simply destroy the ones you need to move. Having defeated those in your way, you've very clearly opened your way up.
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Closing
Next week - the story of the Geats and Swedes begins to wrap up. Watch for it!
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Translation
Recordings
A Mess of Actors
Land Buried Beneath Words
Closing
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Abstract
Wulf is laid low by Ongeontheow, who in turn is slain by Eofor.
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Translation
"'Yet the bold son of Wonred could not
against that aged man land a blow,
instead he afterward sheared the helm from his head,
so that Wulf should bow his bloodied head,
he fell to the ground; yet fate called not yet to him,
and he recovered himself, though he fully felt his wound.
The hardy thane of Hygelac then hoisted
his broad blade, as his brother lay there,
an antique edge of giant design, his stroke caught the giant's helm,
through Ongeontheow's shield wall; then bowed that king,
the people's protector, he was struck through to his soul.'"
(Beowulf ll.2971-2981)
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Recordings
I have a new (untested) microphone, so I will be able to record this week's translation and that from the last two weeks this weekend. Watch for these entries for widgets!
Back To Top
A Mess of Actors
Okay, so we start to get into the conclusion of the messenger's tale of Ongeontheow and the Geats raid on the Swede's land. On the surface, this excerpt is straightforward, for the most part.
As has been the case before, the original Old English for this section uses no proper nouns - they're all just pronouns. It seems that this must have been the poet's solution to making action scenes vibrant without breaking patterns in things like sentence length.
After all, using nothing but pronouns and pronominal phrases to refer to the characters involved in the two fights in this passage is a way to show through language the chaos of such a scene. It's told with only three major players, but the lack of concrete names suggests a lack of concrete order, or any order whatsoever.
Blows are exchanged, but just whose doing what isn't necessarily 100% clear based on pronouns alone.
Back To Top
Land Buried Beneath Words
However, digging deeper than the surface of this excerpt, and even the surface of words, the verb "Let," (l.2977) means many things. It can mean "to lift," "to lead," or "to make or beat the bounds of land."
Given that this word appears in a story about a raid, it may be the perfect context for "Let" to take on various meanings.
The simple interpretation of "Let," as "hoisted," or "raised," works but it still leaves us with something to wonder about. The messenger stated earlier that this raid on the Swedes was merely for treasure and plunder, but in a sense isn't raiding a place tantamount to an accelerated habitation?
All that gold dug out of the ground, all that coin exchanged, all of those crops eaten - and all at once rather than over the course of years and years. So, in a way, though the Geats set out with only treasure in mind, they definitely picked up more when Eofor slew Ongeontheow (announced with the use of "Let").
It should be fair to say that there's little better to do to create the limits of your land in one sense or other than to simply destroy the ones you need to move. Having defeated those in your way, you've very clearly opened your way up.
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Closing
Next week - the story of the Geats and Swedes begins to wrap up. Watch for it!
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Thursday, January 17, 2013
Ongoing Ongeontheow (ll.2961-2970) [Old English]
Abstract
Translation
Recordings
Teaching by Analogues?
Against Anger, About a Word
Closing
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Abstract
In the messenger's story, Ongeontheow is captured and attacks Wulf, son of Wonred, in self defense.
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Translation
"'There by the sword's edge Ongeontheow,
the grey-haired lord, was left to suffer at
Eofor's command alone. Angrily against him
Wulf son of Wonred reached with a weapon,
so that his sword swing struck, sending blood
forth from under his hair. Yet he was
not frightened, the old Scylfing,
he paid him back double for that blow,
turning a far worse death strike against that one,
after that the king turned thither.'"
(Beowulf ll.2961-2970)
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Recordings
I'm currently without a recording microphone, and so have no way to record these. However, I should be picking one up over the coming weekend.
Old English:
{Forthcoming}
Modern English:
{Forthcoming}
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Teaching by Analogues?
As the messenger's story continues, so too does his focus on Ongeontheow. Here we see him, gray-haired, retaliate against one of the Geats who was too angry to wait for Eofor's decision.
Actually, it's a curious detail to add that Ongeontheow is "grey-haired" ("blonden-fexa" l.2962). Obviously we should take it to mean that he is an old man, but as such it's difficult to not think of Hrothgar, another old man encountered in the poem.
Or, to even think of Beowulf himself.
After all, the messenger must have a point for telling the story of the Ravenswood at such length. I mean, if he just wanted to remind everyone of their feud with the Swedes he could have cut things off with his statement about them not showing any mercy (l.2922-2923). Instead, he launches into a story that runs for 75 lines (ll.2923-2998), involves detailed descriptions of events, and focuses not on a Geat, but the chief of the Swedes.
Apart from using this story to get the Geats to recognize their current situation (as noted in last week's entry), Ongeontheow could be a stand in for Beowulf.
Perhaps the messenger is warning the Geats of the Swedes, but also, for some strange reason, he's trying to remind them of themselves. He's trying to show them how their own laziness and their own cowardice - represented by Wulf's inabiity to contain his anger - is what caused the trouble stirred by the dragon, just as the same lead to the death of Wulf (and of Beowulf).
But how could such an interpretation be backed up? Well, with the idea that the messenger like all of those bearing news and facts some might not like, needs to add a spin to what he says. His spin is to use a story that everyone can relate to but present it in a way that is different.
Or, perhaps everyone was familiar with Ongeontheow's actions from a poem or story the Geats told amongst themselves. As of now we can't really say for sure.
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Against Anger, About a Word
In a much more direct fashion, this excerpt from the messenger's story is clearly an admonition against anger, against acting when a passion is in you.
Instead, at least through implication, the messenger is telling the people that they must be cautious, just as Eofor was in deciding Ongeontheow's fate rather than just lashing out at him as Wulf did. Just as an army that has captured their opponent's leader must think things throw and step carefully into the future, so too must the Geats if they're to navigate the difficult, leaderless times that lay ahead of them.
For the Geats it is a time that is likely to be noisy with deathblows. A concept perhaps strange to us, but familiar to Anglo-Saxons since the Old English compound "wael-hlem," meaning "death-blow," literally translates to "carnage-sound."
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Closing
That's it for this week, but the messenger's story continues next week, as Eofor steps into the fray.
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Translation
Recordings
Teaching by Analogues?
Against Anger, About a Word
Closing
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Abstract
In the messenger's story, Ongeontheow is captured and attacks Wulf, son of Wonred, in self defense.
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Translation
"'There by the sword's edge Ongeontheow,
the grey-haired lord, was left to suffer at
Eofor's command alone. Angrily against him
Wulf son of Wonred reached with a weapon,
so that his sword swing struck, sending blood
forth from under his hair. Yet he was
not frightened, the old Scylfing,
he paid him back double for that blow,
turning a far worse death strike against that one,
after that the king turned thither.'"
(Beowulf ll.2961-2970)
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Recordings
I'm currently without a recording microphone, and so have no way to record these. However, I should be picking one up over the coming weekend.
Old English:
{Forthcoming}
Modern English:
{Forthcoming}
Back To Top
Teaching by Analogues?
As the messenger's story continues, so too does his focus on Ongeontheow. Here we see him, gray-haired, retaliate against one of the Geats who was too angry to wait for Eofor's decision.
Actually, it's a curious detail to add that Ongeontheow is "grey-haired" ("blonden-fexa" l.2962). Obviously we should take it to mean that he is an old man, but as such it's difficult to not think of Hrothgar, another old man encountered in the poem.
Or, to even think of Beowulf himself.
After all, the messenger must have a point for telling the story of the Ravenswood at such length. I mean, if he just wanted to remind everyone of their feud with the Swedes he could have cut things off with his statement about them not showing any mercy (l.2922-2923). Instead, he launches into a story that runs for 75 lines (ll.2923-2998), involves detailed descriptions of events, and focuses not on a Geat, but the chief of the Swedes.
Apart from using this story to get the Geats to recognize their current situation (as noted in last week's entry), Ongeontheow could be a stand in for Beowulf.
Perhaps the messenger is warning the Geats of the Swedes, but also, for some strange reason, he's trying to remind them of themselves. He's trying to show them how their own laziness and their own cowardice - represented by Wulf's inabiity to contain his anger - is what caused the trouble stirred by the dragon, just as the same lead to the death of Wulf (and of Beowulf).
But how could such an interpretation be backed up? Well, with the idea that the messenger like all of those bearing news and facts some might not like, needs to add a spin to what he says. His spin is to use a story that everyone can relate to but present it in a way that is different.
Or, perhaps everyone was familiar with Ongeontheow's actions from a poem or story the Geats told amongst themselves. As of now we can't really say for sure.
Back To Top
Against Anger, About a Word
In a much more direct fashion, this excerpt from the messenger's story is clearly an admonition against anger, against acting when a passion is in you.
Instead, at least through implication, the messenger is telling the people that they must be cautious, just as Eofor was in deciding Ongeontheow's fate rather than just lashing out at him as Wulf did. Just as an army that has captured their opponent's leader must think things throw and step carefully into the future, so too must the Geats if they're to navigate the difficult, leaderless times that lay ahead of them.
For the Geats it is a time that is likely to be noisy with deathblows. A concept perhaps strange to us, but familiar to Anglo-Saxons since the Old English compound "wael-hlem," meaning "death-blow," literally translates to "carnage-sound."
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Closing
That's it for this week, but the messenger's story continues next week, as Eofor steps into the fray.
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